Martin, Ashley A.; Hamill, Liam R.; Davies, Sarah; Rogers, Peter J.; Brunstrom, Jeffrey M. (2015) Appetite 95 81e88
OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether discrimination occurs between non-caloric and caloric beverages when judging expected satiation, to compare expected satiation of beverages compared with selected solid foods, and to investigate differences in expected satiation.
DESIGN: In Experiment 1, participants were required to evaluate the expected satiation of six meal-drink combinations (‘test meals’). This comprised two reference meals (a savoury snack and chocolate bar), alongside three different beverages – a sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB; Coca-Cola), a low-energy sweetened beverage (LES; Diet Coke) and water, of equal volume. Expected satiation for each combination was measured using test meal against control meal (portion of rice and vegetables). In Experiment 2, similar test meals were used with the addition of a non-carbonated sweet drink (orange juice) as a fourth beverage option and two snack foods of equivalent caloric value to the caloric beverages. Baseline hunger, thirst and fullness were assessed prior to each trial.
SETTING: Bristol
PARTICIPANTS: Experiment 1: undergraduates (n=68; mean age 19.5, SD 1.7 years; BMI 15.7-31.0 kg/m2). Experiment 2: adults (n=80; F 52/M 28; mean age 22.2, SD 6.7 yrs; BMI 16.8-31.3 kg/m2)
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Appetite and satiety ratings, beverage intake (frequency and type).
RESULTS: Participants expected greater satiation from a meal containing a SSB, compared with a LES or water; although expected satiation from a SSB was not significantly greater than that from an LES (P=0.12). Carbonated beverages were expected to provide higher satiation than non-carbonated beverages, however this was not significant. Higher SSB and LES consumption was associated with greater expected satiation from SSBs and greater discrimination between caloric and non-caloric beverages. When considering satiation from the test meals, similar satiation was expected whether they contained caloric beverages or snacks.
CONCLUSIONS: Solid foods may not always provide more satiation than beverages. Expected satiation from a meal may alter with the type of accompanying beverage. Further research required using low-energy snacks.
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